Geography course structure
Unit 1 - Population and Settlement
Unit 2 - Coasts, Rivers, Tectonics, Weathering and Weather and Climate
Unit 3 - Tourism, Food, Energy and Water, Industry, Environmental Issues
In paper 1 you will answers 3 questions. There will be a choice of 2 questions from each section. Pick any 3.
Paper 2 is skills
Unit 1 - Population and Settlement
Unit 2 - Coasts, Rivers, Tectonics, Weathering and Weather and Climate
Unit 3 - Tourism, Food, Energy and Water, Industry, Environmental Issues
In paper 1 you will answers 3 questions. There will be a choice of 2 questions from each section. Pick any 3.
Paper 2 is skills
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Mock Exam stuff: 6 questions, choose 3
POPULATION
You need to know: Causes of world population growth, birth rate, death rate, overpopulation, underpopulation (ageing population), population pyramids, demographic transition model (DTM), population density - causes of low and high density, reasons people migrate, the impact of government policy on birth rates, impact of HIV/AIDS on a country, how different countries approach healthcare.
3 calculations you might need:
population density = land area (in sq km) ÷ number of people
natural population growth rate = birth rate - death rate
total population growth rate = (br - dr) + (emigration - immigration)
Case studies
Elderly population / country with a low BR / Stage 5 country - Japan - Need to know causes (women having careers etc), consequences (underpopulation, not enough workers, too many pensions) and management (angel plan)
Youthful population / country with high BR / Stage 2 country WE HAVE NOT DONE THIS YET APPARENTLY SO DO NOT REVISE FOR MOCKS WE WILL DO IT AGAIN!!!!!- Madagascar - Need to know causes (lack of contraception etc), consequences (shortage of food, lack of school places) and management (free contraceptives from NGO, actually an environmental organisation who realised controlling people who help the environment)
Population control - China - Link is very helpful. Need to know why it was needed (overpopulation), what was it (law on having maximum of 1 child and consequences (was it a success? yes but consequences of female infanticide)
Impact of HIV / AIDs on a country - We looked at Botswana. Powerpoint can be downloaded below. Slides 21 to 26. Need to know why it happens (low status of women, strange beliefs about cure, lack of education etc.), impacts on the country (life expectancy = 39, 1 in 7 adults infected), problems with treatment (poverty, refusal to accept issue). Video below is helpful too.
International Migration - Poland to UK. Need to know why they move (higher standards of living, higher wages, mobility of EU workers), impacts on the UK (lack of jobs for UK workers, racial tensions), impacts on Poland (lack of male workers, lack of . Again part 1 of the video we watched is below. See me for a copy of 'The Poles are Coming'
Low population density - Sahel region of Africa - We briefly looked at this and again recently. Few people live here because of climate, lack of opportunity, difficulty of lifestyle, lack of resources etc.
High population density - Dharavi - See Settlement for further notes
POPULATION
You need to know: Causes of world population growth, birth rate, death rate, overpopulation, underpopulation (ageing population), population pyramids, demographic transition model (DTM), population density - causes of low and high density, reasons people migrate, the impact of government policy on birth rates, impact of HIV/AIDS on a country, how different countries approach healthcare.
3 calculations you might need:
population density = land area (in sq km) ÷ number of people
natural population growth rate = birth rate - death rate
total population growth rate = (br - dr) + (emigration - immigration)
Case studies
Elderly population / country with a low BR / Stage 5 country - Japan - Need to know causes (women having careers etc), consequences (underpopulation, not enough workers, too many pensions) and management (angel plan)
Youthful population / country with high BR / Stage 2 country WE HAVE NOT DONE THIS YET APPARENTLY SO DO NOT REVISE FOR MOCKS WE WILL DO IT AGAIN!!!!!- Madagascar - Need to know causes (lack of contraception etc), consequences (shortage of food, lack of school places) and management (free contraceptives from NGO, actually an environmental organisation who realised controlling people who help the environment)
Population control - China - Link is very helpful. Need to know why it was needed (overpopulation), what was it (law on having maximum of 1 child and consequences (was it a success? yes but consequences of female infanticide)
Impact of HIV / AIDs on a country - We looked at Botswana. Powerpoint can be downloaded below. Slides 21 to 26. Need to know why it happens (low status of women, strange beliefs about cure, lack of education etc.), impacts on the country (life expectancy = 39, 1 in 7 adults infected), problems with treatment (poverty, refusal to accept issue). Video below is helpful too.
International Migration - Poland to UK. Need to know why they move (higher standards of living, higher wages, mobility of EU workers), impacts on the UK (lack of jobs for UK workers, racial tensions), impacts on Poland (lack of male workers, lack of . Again part 1 of the video we watched is below. See me for a copy of 'The Poles are Coming'
Low population density - Sahel region of Africa - We briefly looked at this and again recently. Few people live here because of climate, lack of opportunity, difficulty of lifestyle, lack of resources etc.
High population density - Dharavi - See Settlement for further notes
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SETTLEMENT
You need to know: recognise dispersed, linear and nucleated settlements, explain why each of the types may form, explain why settlements grow, settlement hierarchy, recognise and describe urban land use zones (CBD, inner city, suburbs, RUF), models of land use (Burgess and Hoyt), changing land use, transport issues, solutions to transport issues, squatter settlements / shanty towns / slums, self help and site and service schemes, urbanisation (causes and consequences), urban sprawl, changes in shopping.
Case studies:
Squatter settlement / shanty town / slum also a case study for the growth of a city - Dharavi, Mumbai, India. Great notes on that link. Need to know why people move to Mumbai (better life than in rural, higher wages etc) conditions in the slum (social problems, health problems etc.), what has been down to try and improve (building new tower blocks for residents - this failed as they did not look after it properly, site and service schemes - moving residents to other sites outside of the city). The video can be found below!
Managing transport - Curitiba, Brazil. Good link. Need to know what was the problem (traffic congestion, lack of green space) what was done (BRT - Bus Rapid Transport system and creation of park lands)
Developing the RUF / urban sprawl - We looked at Basseterre, St Kitts or Nottingham, UK - In either case you need to know: What is being built on the RUF (Basseterre - Industrial parks, airport, schools. Nottingham - Landfill, water sports centre, out of town shopping) why it is being done (Growth of both cities, lack of space in the city) and the problems (building on green belt - area of green land near the city, loss of farmland / woodland, loss of habitat etc.)
You need to know: recognise dispersed, linear and nucleated settlements, explain why each of the types may form, explain why settlements grow, settlement hierarchy, recognise and describe urban land use zones (CBD, inner city, suburbs, RUF), models of land use (Burgess and Hoyt), changing land use, transport issues, solutions to transport issues, squatter settlements / shanty towns / slums, self help and site and service schemes, urbanisation (causes and consequences), urban sprawl, changes in shopping.
Case studies:
Squatter settlement / shanty town / slum also a case study for the growth of a city - Dharavi, Mumbai, India. Great notes on that link. Need to know why people move to Mumbai (better life than in rural, higher wages etc) conditions in the slum (social problems, health problems etc.), what has been down to try and improve (building new tower blocks for residents - this failed as they did not look after it properly, site and service schemes - moving residents to other sites outside of the city). The video can be found below!
Managing transport - Curitiba, Brazil. Good link. Need to know what was the problem (traffic congestion, lack of green space) what was done (BRT - Bus Rapid Transport system and creation of park lands)
Developing the RUF / urban sprawl - We looked at Basseterre, St Kitts or Nottingham, UK - In either case you need to know: What is being built on the RUF (Basseterre - Industrial parks, airport, schools. Nottingham - Landfill, water sports centre, out of town shopping) why it is being done (Growth of both cities, lack of space in the city) and the problems (building on green belt - area of green land near the city, loss of farmland / woodland, loss of habitat etc.)
TECTONICS
You need to know: Types of plate boundary (constructive, destructive and conservative), locations of major fold mountains and why they are there (collision boundaries) distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes (along plate boundaries), features of volcanoes, features of eruptions, how earthquakes happen, measuring earthquakes (Richter and Mercalli).
Case studies:
Earthquake - Japan, 11th March 2011 - The documentary that we watched and made notes on is below or ask me for a copy. Need to know causes (destructive boundary between Pacific and Eurasian plates, 9.0 on Richter scale), consequences (16,000 deaths etc.) management (use of early warning system, text messages etc saved people during quake however scale of tsunami was bigger than expected and did great damage).
Volcano - You each researched your own. As above you need to know what caused the eruption, what the consequences were and how it was managed. Each of you made a presentation which can be found below.
You need to know: Types of plate boundary (constructive, destructive and conservative), locations of major fold mountains and why they are there (collision boundaries) distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes (along plate boundaries), features of volcanoes, features of eruptions, how earthquakes happen, measuring earthquakes (Richter and Mercalli).
Case studies:
Earthquake - Japan, 11th March 2011 - The documentary that we watched and made notes on is below or ask me for a copy. Need to know causes (destructive boundary between Pacific and Eurasian plates, 9.0 on Richter scale), consequences (16,000 deaths etc.) management (use of early warning system, text messages etc saved people during quake however scale of tsunami was bigger than expected and did great damage).
Volcano - You each researched your own. As above you need to know what caused the eruption, what the consequences were and how it was managed. Each of you made a presentation which can be found below.
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WEATHERING
You need to know: what weathering is and how it differs from erosion (weathering is without movement), describe the different types: physical - freeze-thaw and onion skin (exfoliation), chemical - carbonation and oxidation and biological, impact of climate on speed of weathering (see graph below), impact of rock features on weathering (how does presence of crystals, lines of weakness, reaction to acid, grain size affect speed)
No case study. If weathering comes up you could get a 7 marker asking for a detailed description of a weathering type with a diagram or it could be mixed up with tectonic questions or weather and climate questions.
You need to know: what weathering is and how it differs from erosion (weathering is without movement), describe the different types: physical - freeze-thaw and onion skin (exfoliation), chemical - carbonation and oxidation and biological, impact of climate on speed of weathering (see graph below), impact of rock features on weathering (how does presence of crystals, lines of weakness, reaction to acid, grain size affect speed)
No case study. If weathering comes up you could get a 7 marker asking for a detailed description of a weathering type with a diagram or it could be mixed up with tectonic questions or weather and climate questions.
RIVERS
You need to know: types of erosion (hydraulic action, attrition, corrosion, corrosion (solution)), types of transportation (traction, saltation, suspension, solution), how deposition happens - as the river slows down, the hjulstrom curve (below), the 3 stages or courses of the river, upper, middle and lower and how the river and its valley differ.
You should be able to describe how each of the following forms using a diagram: rapids, waterfalls, potholes, meanders, ox-bow lakes, deltas, levees and floodplains. You should also be able to spot most of these on a map.
Case study:
A flood - Brisbane River, flooded Brisbane, Australia - January 2011 / you also need to know why people live in this area in spite of the risk. You need to know why it happened (heavy rain in cyclone, La Nina, wet month in December filled up reservoir), the consequences (11,900 homes damaged, 35 people died, A$10 billion damage), why do people live there anyway? (flat, fertile land, there was an evacuation plan in place, people assumed that the dam would keep them safe. The document below contains further notes and maps on pages 13 onwards. To be uploaded
You need to know: types of erosion (hydraulic action, attrition, corrosion, corrosion (solution)), types of transportation (traction, saltation, suspension, solution), how deposition happens - as the river slows down, the hjulstrom curve (below), the 3 stages or courses of the river, upper, middle and lower and how the river and its valley differ.
You should be able to describe how each of the following forms using a diagram: rapids, waterfalls, potholes, meanders, ox-bow lakes, deltas, levees and floodplains. You should also be able to spot most of these on a map.
Case study:
A flood - Brisbane River, flooded Brisbane, Australia - January 2011 / you also need to know why people live in this area in spite of the risk. You need to know why it happened (heavy rain in cyclone, La Nina, wet month in December filled up reservoir), the consequences (11,900 homes damaged, 35 people died, A$10 billion damage), why do people live there anyway? (flat, fertile land, there was an evacuation plan in place, people assumed that the dam would keep them safe. The document below contains further notes and maps on pages 13 onwards. To be uploaded
COASTS
You need to know: what causes waves, the difference between constructive and destructive waves, types of erosion (hydraulic action, attrition, corrosion, corrosion (solution)), wave transportation (LSD).
You should be able to describe how the following features form using the aid of a diagram: cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, headlands and bays, beaches, spits and salt marshes, bars and sand dunes (remember these are formed by the wind not by waves).
You also need to know about coral reefs: what conditions are required for reefs to form (shallow water, warm water, not strong current etc). You need to know the difference between atolls, fringing and barrier reefs and be able to draw a diagram of each.
Case study:
A coral reef - Cousin Island Reef - you need to know the conditions which led to it's formation (shallow water - between Praslin and Cousin islands, warm water all year, calm seas most of the time), what threatens the reef (El Nino / global warming, divers
breaking / taking coral, boat anchors).
A coastal area which experiences natural hazards - Hurricane Katrina - see notes below
You need to know: what causes waves, the difference between constructive and destructive waves, types of erosion (hydraulic action, attrition, corrosion, corrosion (solution)), wave transportation (LSD).
You should be able to describe how the following features form using the aid of a diagram: cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, headlands and bays, beaches, spits and salt marshes, bars and sand dunes (remember these are formed by the wind not by waves).
You also need to know about coral reefs: what conditions are required for reefs to form (shallow water, warm water, not strong current etc). You need to know the difference between atolls, fringing and barrier reefs and be able to draw a diagram of each.
Case study:
A coral reef - Cousin Island Reef - you need to know the conditions which led to it's formation (shallow water - between Praslin and Cousin islands, warm water all year, calm seas most of the time), what threatens the reef (El Nino / global warming, divers
breaking / taking coral, boat anchors).
A coastal area which experiences natural hazards - Hurricane Katrina - see notes below
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
What you need to know: draw and read climate graphs and radial graphs (wind rose), describe the main types of cloud and measure cloud cover in oktas, describe the characteristics of TRF and desert (rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind, seasonal variation), know why the climate is like it is in the TRF and desert, describe the plant and animal life in the TRF and desert, explain why plant and animal life in the desert and TRF has adapted to the climate, explain what desertification is and how it happens.
You must also be able to draw, describe and explain the following pieces of equipment: rain-gauge, max-min thermometer, wet and dry thermometer (hygrometer), barometer, anemometer and weather vane. You must be able to read these and make the calculations for the hygrometer.
Case studies:
An area which experiences drought / desertification - Gaza strip, Isreal. See notes below in water/energy.
A coastal area which experiences natural hazards - Hurricane Katrina - Good notes on the link. You need to know what caused the event (warm water, deep water in the mid Atlantic, small storm evaporating sea water), consequences (6m storm surge (wave), 1 million homeless, 1,200 drowned) and management (Not enough done, $50m in aid)
Human impact on an environment - Deforestation of the rainforest. Why is it happening (gold mining / cattle ranching), impacts (economic - more money / jobs, social - loss of traditional cultures, environmental - pollution, loss of species).
What you need to know: draw and read climate graphs and radial graphs (wind rose), describe the main types of cloud and measure cloud cover in oktas, describe the characteristics of TRF and desert (rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind, seasonal variation), know why the climate is like it is in the TRF and desert, describe the plant and animal life in the TRF and desert, explain why plant and animal life in the desert and TRF has adapted to the climate, explain what desertification is and how it happens.
You must also be able to draw, describe and explain the following pieces of equipment: rain-gauge, max-min thermometer, wet and dry thermometer (hygrometer), barometer, anemometer and weather vane. You must be able to read these and make the calculations for the hygrometer.
Case studies:
An area which experiences drought / desertification - Gaza strip, Isreal. See notes below in water/energy.
A coastal area which experiences natural hazards - Hurricane Katrina - Good notes on the link. You need to know what caused the event (warm water, deep water in the mid Atlantic, small storm evaporating sea water), consequences (6m storm surge (wave), 1 million homeless, 1,200 drowned) and management (Not enough done, $50m in aid)
Human impact on an environment - Deforestation of the rainforest. Why is it happening (gold mining / cattle ranching), impacts (economic - more money / jobs, social - loss of traditional cultures, environmental - pollution, loss of species).
ENERGY AND WATER
You need to know the difference between non-renewable and renewable and examples of each and pros and cons of each. Need to know that the general world trend is that majority of energy comes from fossil fuels. Need to know about why the world is trying to move away from fossils towards renewables. Need to know the considerations for where to put a power station (fossil fuel, wind power or nuclear). Know that water is used for different uses (industry, domestic and farming) and that some places suffer water shortages. Know that in some places there is competition for water and this needs management. Use of fuelwood in LEDC's as a source of energy.
Case studies:
Coal mining and use in China, the link is to an audio file which summarises well.. Need to know why is it used in China (to support massive industrial sector, power for rapidly growing population) and the problems it is causing (pollution, health issues). Video below…
Fuelwood - You each did your own so find your powerpoint on a given case study.
Water Shortages - Gaza Strip, Israel. Why does a problem exist there (conflict, Israel controls water supply and prevents people from access) and problems (health problems). Videos below are good!!!
You need to know the difference between non-renewable and renewable and examples of each and pros and cons of each. Need to know that the general world trend is that majority of energy comes from fossil fuels. Need to know about why the world is trying to move away from fossils towards renewables. Need to know the considerations for where to put a power station (fossil fuel, wind power or nuclear). Know that water is used for different uses (industry, domestic and farming) and that some places suffer water shortages. Know that in some places there is competition for water and this needs management. Use of fuelwood in LEDC's as a source of energy.
Case studies:
Coal mining and use in China, the link is to an audio file which summarises well.. Need to know why is it used in China (to support massive industrial sector, power for rapidly growing population) and the problems it is causing (pollution, health issues). Video below…
Fuelwood - You each did your own so find your powerpoint on a given case study.
Water Shortages - Gaza Strip, Israel. Why does a problem exist there (conflict, Israel controls water supply and prevents people from access) and problems (health problems). Videos below are good!!!
INDUSTRY
Need to know - Classification into primary, secondary and tertiary industry. Describe how the percentage in each industry will change as a country develops (less primary, more of the other 2. Most developed countries 90%+ in tertiary). Systems diagram (inputs, processes, outputs of an industry). Factors to consider when locating a hi-tech industry and manufacturing industry.
Case studies:
Hi-tech industry in Bangalore, India. Need to know what industries go there (call centres, technology research) why industry locates there (good universities, emerging market for hi-tech products), impacts of the industry on the area (investment, employment, improved infrastructure). The video we watched on the area is below….
A manufacturing industry - Impact of Nike sweatshops on Vietnam. Need to know why they go there (cheap labour, few working restrictions, little pollution control), negative impacts (pollution, low wages. abuse of workers) positives (economic gains for Vietnam, greater employment, education of workers)
Change in employment structure. South Africa. A very unusual one this but worth revising. What has changed move away from agriculture towards industry and services) why this happened (industrialisation and equally rights for black employees and improving education for black people encouraging them to look for better pay work).
Need to know - Classification into primary, secondary and tertiary industry. Describe how the percentage in each industry will change as a country develops (less primary, more of the other 2. Most developed countries 90%+ in tertiary). Systems diagram (inputs, processes, outputs of an industry). Factors to consider when locating a hi-tech industry and manufacturing industry.
Case studies:
Hi-tech industry in Bangalore, India. Need to know what industries go there (call centres, technology research) why industry locates there (good universities, emerging market for hi-tech products), impacts of the industry on the area (investment, employment, improved infrastructure). The video we watched on the area is below….
A manufacturing industry - Impact of Nike sweatshops on Vietnam. Need to know why they go there (cheap labour, few working restrictions, little pollution control), negative impacts (pollution, low wages. abuse of workers) positives (economic gains for Vietnam, greater employment, education of workers)
Change in employment structure. South Africa. A very unusual one this but worth revising. What has changed move away from agriculture towards industry and services) why this happened (industrialisation and equally rights for black employees and improving education for black people encouraging them to look for better pay work).
FOOD SUPPLY
Need to know - Inputs, process and outputs of a farm, characteristics of different types of farming (commercial, subsistence, large-scale), the effects of food shortages, causes of food shortages, the Green Revolution.
Case studies:
Commercial pastoral farming in USA. - Why it happens here (money, large areas of land, favourable climate), Inputs, processes and outputs (all in the video below), methods used (intensive farming, 24 hours milking etc, again all in the notes).
Subsistence farming in Ghana - Why it happens here (lack of alternative income, poverty), Inputs, processes and outputs (all in the video below), methods used (intensive farming, 24 hours milking etc, again all in the notes), difficulties (poverty, poor soil, unpredictable climate)
Need to know - Inputs, process and outputs of a farm, characteristics of different types of farming (commercial, subsistence, large-scale), the effects of food shortages, causes of food shortages, the Green Revolution.
Case studies:
Commercial pastoral farming in USA. - Why it happens here (money, large areas of land, favourable climate), Inputs, processes and outputs (all in the video below), methods used (intensive farming, 24 hours milking etc, again all in the notes).
Subsistence farming in Ghana - Why it happens here (lack of alternative income, poverty), Inputs, processes and outputs (all in the video below), methods used (intensive farming, 24 hours milking etc, again all in the notes), difficulties (poverty, poor soil, unpredictable climate)
TOURISM
You need to know - Be able to identify human and physical attractions. Understand the positive and negative effects of tourism (multiplier effect, demonstration effect, leakage effect, employment, improvement in infrastructure, dependency).
A case study which illustrates the positive and negative impacts of tourism - Seychelles.
You need to know - Be able to identify human and physical attractions. Understand the positive and negative effects of tourism (multiplier effect, demonstration effect, leakage effect, employment, improvement in infrastructure, dependency).
A case study which illustrates the positive and negative impacts of tourism - Seychelles.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - Very little content here
Need to know why we damage the environment and how we can manage it. You also need to know how and why global warming is happening and possible ways to manage it.
A whole bunch of case studies could come up here. In all cases you need to be able to identify the benefits of what humans are doing and the problems created. Possible example could include Tourism in Seychelles, Coal in China, Water in Gaza, Gold Mining in Amazon Rainforest, Nike in Vietnam.
Need to know why we damage the environment and how we can manage it. You also need to know how and why global warming is happening and possible ways to manage it.
A whole bunch of case studies could come up here. In all cases you need to be able to identify the benefits of what humans are doing and the problems created. Possible example could include Tourism in Seychelles, Coal in China, Water in Gaza, Gold Mining in Amazon Rainforest, Nike in Vietnam.